I use Caddy for this. I’ll leave links to the documentation as well as a few examples.

Here’s the documentation for wildcard certs. https://caddyserver.com/docs/automatic-https#wildcard-certificates

Here’s how you add DNS providers to Caddy without Docker. https://caddy.community/t/how-to-use-dns-provider-modules-in-caddy-2/8148

Here’s how you do it with Docker. https://github.com/docker-library/docs/tree/master/caddy#adding-custom-caddy-modules

Look for the DNS provider in this repository first. https://github.com/caddy-dns

Here’s documentation about using environment variables. https://caddyserver.com/docs/caddyfile/concepts#environment-variables

Docker

A few examples of Dockerfiles. These will build Caddy with DNS support.

DuckDNS

FROM caddy:2-builder AS builder
RUN xcaddy build --with github.com/caddy-dns/duckdns

FROM caddy:2
COPY --from=builder /usr/bin/caddy /usr/bin/caddy

Cloudflare

FROM caddy:2-builder AS builder
RUN xcaddy build --with github.com/caddy-dns/cloudflare

FROM caddy:2
COPY --from=builder /usr/bin/caddy /usr/bin/caddy

Porkbun

FROM caddy:2-builder AS builder
RUN xcaddy build --with github.com/caddy-dns/porkbun

FROM caddy:2
COPY --from=builder /usr/bin/caddy /usr/bin/caddy

Configure DNS provider

This is what to add the the Caddyfile, I’ve used these in the examples that follow this section. You can look at the repository for the DNS provider to see how to configure it for example.

DuckDNS

https://github.com/caddy-dns/cloudflare?tab=readme-ov-file#caddyfile-examples

tls {
	dns duckdns {env.DUCKDNS_API_TOKEN}
}

CloudFlare

https://github.com/caddy-dns/cloudflare?tab=readme-ov-file#caddyfile-examples Dual-key

tls {
	dns cloudflare {
		zone_token {env.CF_ZONE_TOKEN}
		api_token {env.CF_API_TOKEN}
	}
}

Single-key

tls {
	dns cloudflare {env.CF_API_TOKEN}
}

PorkBun

https://github.com/caddy-dns/porkbun?tab=readme-ov-file#config-examples Global

{
        acme_dns porkbun {
                api_key {env.PORKBUN_API_KEY}
                api_secret_key {env.PORKBUN_API_SECRET_KEY}
        }
}

or per site

tls {
	dns porkbun {
			api_key {env.PORKBUN_API_KEY}
			api_secret_key {env.PORKBUN_API_SECRET_KEY}
	}
}

Caddyfile

And finally the Caddyfile examples.

DuckDNS

Here’s how you do it with DuckDNS.

*.example.org {
        tls {
                dns duckdns {$DUCKDNS_TOKEN}
        }

        @hass host home-assistant.example.org
        handle @hass {
                reverse_proxy home-assistant:8123
        }
}

Also you can use environment variables like this.

*.{$DOMAIN} {
        tls {
                dns duckdns {$DUCKDNS_TOKEN}
        }

        @hass host home-assistant.{$DOMAIN}
        handle @hass {
                reverse_proxy home-assistant:8123
        }
}

CloudFlare

*.{$DOMAIN} {
        tls {
	        dns cloudflare {env.CF_API_TOKEN}
        }

        @hass host home-assistant.{$DOMAIN}
        handle @hass {
                reverse_proxy home-assistant:8123
        }
}

Porkbun

*.{$DOMAIN} {
        tls {
	        dns porkbun {
			api_key {env.PORKBUN_API_KEY}
			api_secret_key {env.PORKBUN_API_SECRET_KEY}
	        }
        }

        @hass host home-assistant.{$DOMAIN}
        handle @hass {
                reverse_proxy home-assistant:8123
        }
}

I use Nginx and let’s encrypt. Works super easily and auto updates.

You don’t need a public DNS record for https to work. You can just use public external certs as long as it’s for a domain you own. You don’t need to setup the same domains externally.

If you want certs for a domain you own, then yeah you’re looking at self signed.

Not sure if anyone else mentioned this, but you can just redirect traffic on your local LAN with an ad blocker like pihole ( I currently use adguardhome podman instance )

Basically, it rewrites any calls to your outside domain from within your local network, back to your local web server. As long as the site is setup with the certificate there, you’re good.

Then setup a nginx reverse proxy and you’re golden. Regular site outside LAN, internal site inside LAN.

Edit: spelling

The most straightforward thing to do, on a private LAN, is to make all your own certs, from a custom root cert, and then manually install that cert as “trusted” on each machine. If none of the machines on this network need to accessed from outside the LAN, then you’re golden.

+1 for the letsencrypt wildcard with DNS verification, been using this for years. with dehydrated (https://github.com/dehydrated-io/dehydrated) you can automate renewing the certs, pretty convenient.

One thing i didn’t see mentioned yet - you can also easily create a wildcard for a subdomain of your domain, e.g. *.local.example.com. Most DNS providers let you define something like _acme-challenge.local IN TXT ... so you don’t even need to define an extra zone for local.example.com. Probably makes no big difference, but i like it ^^

why would you realistically need HTTPS on your local network?

If you own a domain, which you do, you can get wildcard certs from Let’s Encrypt using a DNS challenge. Most (all?) popular reverse proxies can do this either natively or via an addon/module, you just need to use a supported DNS provider.

HAProxy + Cloudflare

I used to do what you do, just sub-domains for everything. I eventually set up an internal CA for *.lan and install the CA cert on all devices.

It’s actually more secure, since I dont rely on a third-party for certs and have full control over pinning.

You don’t need public DNS. You can use whatever domain you want if you use your own DNS server (though you should use one you own, or something under the .internal TLD).

Likewise, you can issue whatever certs you want if you trust the CA.

But LE does support wildcard certs. You can get them with certbot or other tools.

Personally I use traefik, which has LE support built in. It automatically gets an individual cert for each service. If you use caddy, I’m sure it has something similar.

I just:

1. Have my router setup with DNS for domains I want to direct locally, and point them to:
2. Have a reverse proxy that has auto- certbot behavior (caddy) connected to the cloud flair API. Anytime I add a new domain or subdomain for reverse proxine to a particular device on my network a valid certificate is automatically generated for me. They are also automatically renewed
3. Navigation I do within my local network to these domains gives me real certificates, my traffic never goes to the internet.

Is there a way I can get Let’s Encrypt to dole out a wildcard certificate

Yep. Just specify the domains yourdomain.com and *.yourdomain.com in the certbot request. Wildcard domains require the DNS-based challenge, but you’ve said you’re already good there. You don’t technically need the apex domain (yourdomain.com) but I always add it since I do have services running there.

Any subdomains under the wildcard can use internal DNS or internal IPs on the public DNS (I do the former, but the latter works too).

I used to run an internal CA, and it wasn’t too hard to setup a CA and distribute my root cert. Except on mobile devices. On Android it was easy, but there was a persistent warning that my network traffic could be intercepted (which is true when there’s a custom root cert installed), but it since it was my cert, it got annoying seeing that all the time. Not sure if Apple devices can even do that, but regardless, it wasn’t practical for friends who wanted to use my self-hosted services to install a custom cert when they were over.

If you have your own domain and your DNS provider has an API, you can get a certificate for anything in your domain

You need to control a domain, so LE can verify you are the controller of the domain, then LE will issue you a certificate saying you are the controller of the domain.

For a wildcard LE cert, you need to use the DNS challenge method.
Essentially the ACME client (or certbot or whatever) will talk to LE and say “I want a DNS challenge for *.example.com”.
LE will reply “ok, your order number 69, and your challenge code is DEADBEEF”.
ACME then interacts with your public nameserver (or you have to do this manually) and add the challenge code as a txt record _acme-challenge.example.com. (I’ve been caught out by the fact LE uses Google DNS for resolution, and Google will only follow 1 level of NS records from the root authorative nameserver).
All the while, LE is checking for that record. When it finds the record, it mints a wildcard certificate.
ACME then periodically checks in with LE asking for order 69. Once LE has minted the cert, it will return it to acme.
And now you have a wildcard cert.

So, how to use it on a local domain?
Use a split horizon DNS method.
Ensure your DHCP is handing out a local DNS for resolving.
Configure that local DNS to then use 8.8.8.8 or whatever as it’s upstream.
Then load in static/override records to the local DNS.
Pihole can do this. OPNSense/pfSense can do this. Unifi can do some of this.

How does this work?
Any device on your network that wants to know the IP of example.example.com will ask it’s configured DNS - the local DNS that you have configured.
The local DNS will check it’s static assignments and go “yeh, example.example.com is 10.10.3.3”.
If you ask you local DNS for google.com, it won’t have a static assignment for it, so it will ask it’s upstream DNS, and return that result.
And it means you aren’t putting private IP spaces on public NS records.

Then you can load in your wildcard cert to 10.10.3.3, and you will have a trusted HTTPS connection.

Here is a list of LE clients that will automate LE certs.
https://letsencrypt.org/docs/client-options/

Have a read through and pick your desired flavour.
Dig into the docs of that flavour, and start playing around.

If it’s all HTTPS, consider using something like Nginx Proxy Manager (https://nginxproxymanager.com/) as a reverse proxy in front of your services and for managing the LE cert.
It’s super easy to use, has a decent GUI, and then it’s only 1 IP to point all DNS records to.